Modern Cryptology

* Cryptology -- the science of codes and ciphers -- has been around since the time of the invention of writing. In the digital age, it has become highly automated, widely pervasive, and essential to modern society. This document provides an introduction to 21st-century cryptology.

[1.0] Classical Codes & Ciphers

• [1.1] ORIGINS & DEFINITIONS
  
• [1.2] SUBSTITUTION CIPHERS / FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
  
• [1.3] TRANSPOSITION CIPHERS / MULTIPLE ANAGRAMMING
  
• [1.4] VIGINERE CIPHER / CHECKERBOARD CIPHERS
  
• [1.5] NAVAL CODES / ONE-TIME KEY
  
• [1.6] BAZERIES CYLINDER / ENIGMA / TELECIPHER MACHINES
  

[2.0] Digital Ciphers & Public-Key Cryptography

• [2.1] THE KW-26 / STREAM & BLOCK CIPHERS / DES & AES
  
• [2.2] DIFFIE, HELLMAN, MERKLE, & THE KEY DISTRIBUTION PROBLEM
  
• [2.3] HELLMAN SOLVES THE KEY-EXCHANGE PROBLEM
  
• [2.4] DIFFIE "INVENTS" PUBLIC-KEY CRYPTOGRAPHY
  
• [2.5] RSA / ELLIPTIC-CURVE & LATTICE CIPHERS
  
• [2.6] GCHQ & THE SHADOW HISTORY OF PUBLIC-KEY CRYPTOGRAPHY
  

[3.0] Contemporary Cryptology

• [3.1] MESSAGE AUTHENTICATION / DIGITAL SIGNATURES
  
• [3.2] SSL / VPN / WPA
  
• [3.3] PASSWORDS / MFA / SMART CARDS / FILTERS
  
• [3.4] AZURE SPHERE
  
• [3.5] MISCELLANEOUS CRYPTOTECH
  

[4.0] The Future Of Cryptology

• [4.1] QUANTUM COMPUTING & CODEBREAKING
  
• [4.2] QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY
  
• [4.3] COMMENTS, SOURCES, & REVISION HISTORY